Endoscopic Subdural Hematoma Drainage
Subdural hematomas are generally hemorrhages that develop after trauma. Intervention in these hemorrhages is planned according to the amount and size of the bleeding, as well as the patient’s age and clinical condition. The aim of the drainage procedure is to evacuate the blood located beneath the dura mater, to balance intracranial pressure, and to prevent loss of vital functions. In the drainage procedure, the drain usually remains in place for about 2 days. The procedure is ended based on the amount and appearance of the blood drained from the patient, and the patient typically stays in hospital for 4–5 days. After a neurological examination, the patient is discharged.
Endoscopic Intraparenchymal Hematoma Drainage
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage is the development of a blood clot within the brain parenchyma. The incidence of IPH is 15–35 per 100,000. According to its etiology, IPH is divided into primary and secondary. Primary IPH generally occurs due to hypertension, spontaneously, or as a result of amyloid angiopathy. Secondary IPH develops after the use of anticoagulant or thrombolytic drugs, or following conditions such as tumor, aneurysm, and vascular malformation. Intraparenchymal hematoma drainage is of vital importance in these cases, and factors such as the localization of the hematoma, its mass effect, the timing of surgery, level of consciousness at admission, and age affect the success rate of drainage. The aim is to reduce the mass effect of the hematoma and to minimize potential secondary brain injury.
Endoscope-Assisted Tumor Surgery
This is a contemporary technique used especially in the surgery of head, neck, and facial tumors. In addition to classical microscopic techniques, newly developed endoscopic devices with integrated light have become a frequently utilized method in the surgery of such tumors. In particular, they allow easy access to the desired region without damaging the tissues along the path to the tumor. Moreover, the angled view provided by the endoscope facilitates the identification of any residual tumor fragments, thus enabling removal of tumor tissue that might otherwise remain hidden. In addition, in most operations there is no need to use packing.